Innovation of Microbe-Based Bioremediation Systems for Reducing Environmental Pollution from Industrial Wastewater in Urban Areas: A Structured Narrative Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69855/kesling.v2i2.793Keywords:
Microbial Bioremediation, Industrial Wastewater, Microbial Consortia, Immobilized Biofilm, Urban Pollution, Bioelectrochemical Systems, Narrative ReviewAbstract
Urban industrial areas generate chemically complex wastewater containing dyes, heavy metals, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic matter, nutrients, and emerging contaminants. This narrative review synthesizes 26 peer-reviewed sources to evaluate microbe-based treatment options and develop a maturity-aware modular framework for urban industrial wastewater management. The corpus included 18 sources from the original manuscript and 11 candidates identified through a focused update search on 10 September 2026, with three excluded for redundancy or insufficient relevance. Representative studies reported 86–93.37% COD removal using staged alkaliphilic consortia in real textile wastewater, 99.32% oil-and-grease removal using an immobilized indigenous consortium in real batik wastewater, 89.5% COD and 94% petroleum-hydrocarbon removal in an oil-recycling plant, and up to 88% COD removal using microbial fuel cells for petrochemical wastewater. Established functions include equalization, conventional biological reactors, staged redox treatment, and routine monitoring, while specialized consortia and algae-bacteria polishing require site-specific validation. Bioelectrochemical systems, omics, AI-assisted control, and digital twins remain emerging. The proposed framework integrates source segregation, shock-load protection, adapted microbial treatment, selective polishing, residual management, governance, and regulatory verification. Pilot validation, life-cycle, techno-economic, biosafety, and regulatory assessments remain essential for full-scale deployment.
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