Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Narrative Review and Integrated Assessment Framework

Abstract

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) remain a major occupational health challenge, causing pain, disability, reduced productivity, and substantial economic losses. This narrative review examined occupational risk factors and ergonomic assessment methods for WMSDs and proposes an Integrated Assessment Framework to support comprehensive risk identification and intervention planning. Published studies from manufacturing, mining, construction, transportation, and manual material handling sectors were reviewed. Evidence was synthesized on WMSD prevalence, occupational exposures, and assessment approaches, including self-reported questionnaires, observational ergonomic tools, and direct biomechanical measurement techniques. Repetitive movements, forceful exertions, awkward and static postures, manual material handling, and vibration exposure were consistently identified as the principal risk factors, primarily affecting the lower back, neck, shoulders, and upper limbs. Although existing assessment methods provide valuable information, each evaluates only specific dimensions of musculoskeletal risk when applied independently. To address this limitation, an Integrated Assessment Framework was developed that combines self-reported, observational, and biomechanical assessments within a structured decision-support process linked to ergonomic interventions and continuous improvement. The framework provides a practical approach for comprehensive WMSD risk evaluation and evidence-based ergonomic decision-making. Future research should validate the framework across industrial sectors and assess its effectiveness in reducing WMSD burden and improving occupational safety and workplace sustainability.