Specific Standardization and Determination of Curcuminoid Levels in Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Rhizomes from Three Cultivation Centers in Java Using the HPLC Method
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69855/farmasi.v2i2.651Keywords:
Curcuma longa, curcuminoids, HPLC, crude drug standardization, geographical variation, JavaAbstract
Curcuma longa is one of Indonesia's most important medicinal plants, with curcuminoids (curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin) responsible for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and anticancer activities. This study aimed to standardize turmeric rhizomes from Temanggung, Blitar, and Wonogiri and determine curcuminoid levels using a validated HPLC method. Specific standardization parameters were evaluated according to the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia (FHI) Edition II, while HPLC analysis employed a C18 reversed phase column with UV detection at 425 nm. All samples met FHI physicochemical standards, and the HPLC method showed excellent linearity (r² ≥ 0.9996), precision (%RSD ≤ 0.95%), and accuracy (98.7–99.8%). Curcuminoid content differed significantly among cultivation sites (p < 0.001), with the highest level in Blitar (4.48 ± 0.09%), followed by Temanggung (3.96 ± 0.07%) and Wonogiri (3.39 ± 0.06%). Curcumin levels ranged from 2.46–3.19% w/w, exceeding the FHI minimum standard (≥1.0%). These findings demonstrate that cultivation site significantly influences curcuminoid profiles, emphasizing the importance of region specific quality specifications for herbal raw material procurement.
References
Aggarwal BB, Sundaram C, Malani N, Ichikawa H. 2007. Curcumin: The Indian Solid Gold. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 595:1–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-46401-5_1
Anand P, Kunnumakkara AB, Newman RA, Aggarwal BB. 2007. Bioavailability of curcumin: Problems and promises. Molecular Pharmaceutics. 4(6):807–818. https://doi.org/10.1021/mp700113r
Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan RI. 2017. Farmakope Herbal Indonesia (Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia), 2nd ed. Jakarta: BPOM RI.
Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan RI. 2022. Farmakope Herbal Indonesia (Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia). Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan RI.
Bhatt DK, Bhatt S, Singh A. 2020. Geographical variation in phytochemical composition of Curcuma longa rhizomes from different agroclimatic zones of India. Industrial Crops and Products. 145:112086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112086
Chattopadhyay I, Biswas K, Bandyopadhyay U, Banerjee RK. 2004. Turmeric and curcumin: Biological actions and medicinal applications. Current Science. 87(1):44–53.
Ciuca MD, Racovita RC. 2023. Curcumin: Overview of Extraction Methods, Health Benefits, and Encapsulation and Delivery Using Microemulsions and Nanoemulsions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 24(10):8874. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24108874
European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2023. European Pharmacopoeia, 11th ed. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
Framono ID, Hardani PT, Purbosari I. 2024. Validation of RP-HPLC Method for Determination of Curcumin Content Obtained from E-Commerce. Pharmacon. 21(2). https://doi.org/10.23917/pharmacon.v21i2.6162
Garg G, Singh A, Rani A, Tiwari R, Shirode M. 2018. Curcuminoids: A systematic review on analytical methods used for their detection. Acta Chromatographica. 30(2):97–109.
ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline. 2005. Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology Q2(R1). Geneva: International Council for Harmonisation.
Jayaprakasha GK, Jagan Mohan Rao L, Sakariah KK. 2002. Improved HPLC method for the determination of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 50(13):3668–3672. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf025506a
Kocaadam B, Şanlier N. 2017. Curcumin, an active component of turmeric (Curcuma longa), and its effects on health. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 57(13):2889–2895.
Kotra VSR, Satyabanta L, Goswami TK. 2019. A critical review of analytical methods for determination of curcuminoids in turmeric. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 56(12):5153–5166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-03986-1
Kusbiantoro D, Purwaningrum Y. 2018. Utilization of secondary metabolite content in turmeric plants in supporting community income improvement. Kultivasi. 17(1):544–549.
Lechtenberg M, Quandt B, Nahrstedt A. 2004. Quantitative determination of curcuminoids in Curcuma rhizomes and rapid differentiation of Curcuma domestica Val. and Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. by capillary electrophoresis. Phytochemical Analysis. 15(3):152–158.
Lopresti AL. 2018. The Problem of Curcumin and Its Bioavailability: Could Its Gastrointestinal Influence Contribute to Its Overall Health-Enhancing Effects? Advances in Nutrition. 9(1):41–50.
Núñez N, Vidal-Casanella O, Sentellas S, Saurina J, Núñez O. 2020a. Characterization, Classification and Authentication of Turmeric and Curry Samples by Targeted LC-HRMS Polyphenolic and Curcuminoid Profiling and Chemometrics. Molecules. 25(12):2942. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25122942
Núñez N, Vidal-Casanella O, Sentellas S, Saurina J, Núñez O. 2020b. Non-Targeted Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) Fingerprints for the Chemometric Characterization and Classification of Turmeric and Curry Samples. Separations. 7(2):32. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations7020032
Priyadarsini KI. 2014. The Chemistry of Curcumin: From Extraction to Therapeutic Agent. Molecules. 19(12):20091–20112.
Rachkeeree A, Kantadoung K, Suksathan R, Puangpradab R. 2018. Nutritional compositions and phytochemical properties of edible flowers from selected Zingiberaceae found in Thailand. Frontiers in Nutrition. 5:3.
Setyaningsih D, Santoso YA, Hartini YS, Murti YB, Hinrichs WLJ, Patramurti C. 2021. Isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for simultaneous quantification of curcumin and piperine in a microparticle formulation containing Curcuma longa and Piper nigrum. Heliyon. 7(3):e06541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06541
Suhendi A, Mustarichie R, Abdassah M. 2019. Standardization of simplicia and extract of Curcuma longa from various regions of West Java. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1179:012069.
United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2023. United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary (USP 46-NF 41). Rockville, MD: USP.
Van Do TN, Nguyen HX, Truong TQ, Le TH, Nguyen NT, Nguyen MTT. 2026. Isolation and establishment of major curcuminoids as reference standards from Curcuma xanthorrhiza rhizomes. Vietnam Journal of Chemistry. 64:S85. https://doi.org/10.1002/vjch.70042
Vidal-Casanella O, Nuñez N, Sentellas S, Núñez O, Saurina J. 2020. Characterization of Turmeric and Curry Samples by Liquid Chromatography with Spectroscopic Detection Based on Polyphenolic and Curcuminoid Contents. Separations. 7(2):23. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations7020023
Wahyuni DSC, Artanti AN, Rinanto Y. 2018. Quantitative analysis of Curcuminoid collected from different location in Indonesia by TLC-Densitometry and its antioxidant capacity. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 349:012015. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/349/1/012015
Wichitnithad W, Jongaroonngamsang N, Pummangura S, Rojsitthisak P. 2009. A simple isocratic HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of curcuminoids in commercial turmeric extracts. Phytochemical Analysis. 20(4):314–319.
World Health Organization. 2011. Quality Control Methods for Herbal Materials. Geneva: WHO Press.
Zaman MR, Chowdhury TK, Khan MA. 2020. Comparative study on the curcuminoid content in different varieties of turmeric. Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. 55(3):215–222.
Zhang DW, Fu M, Gao SH, Liu JL. 2013. Curcumin and diabetes: A systematic review. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2013:636053.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Ai Rian Julyanti, Sri Rahayu Dwi Purnaningtyas
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
