Spatial Analysis of Accessibility Inequality in Mental Health Facilities: Correlating the Distribution of Psychiatrists and IPWL Community Health Centers with the Provincial Prevalence of Emotional Mental Disorders

Abstract

The treatment gap in mental health within archipelagic nations is exacerbated by geographical barriers and inequitable resource distribution. This study investigates the spatial correlation between provincial Emotional Mental Disorder (EMD) prevalence and the accessibility of psychiatric services across Indonesia. Utilizing a quantitative design, the research synthesized 2023–2025 secondary data from National Health Research (Riset Kesehatan Dasar, Riskesdas) and the One Health Data (Satu Data Kesehatan) portal across 38 provinces. Geographic Information System (GIS) mapping was employed to calculate the Provider-to-Population Ratio (PPR) for psychiatrists and Mandatory Reporting Institutions (Institusi Penerima Wajib Lapor, IPWL) centers. Results reveal a non-significant correlation (), exposing an urban bias where resources cluster in Java-Bali despite higher clinical needs in peripheral regions. Notably, Eastern Indonesia exhibits the highest EMD prevalence (13.50%) but the lowest specialist density (0.12 per 100,000 residents). Significant spatial autocorrelation (Moran's ) confirms that "service deserts" are geographically clustered. The study concludes that achieving equity requires a transition toward needs-based spatial planning and tele-psychiatry integration to bridge the distance gap in underserved territories.