Rainwater Harvesting System with Green Roof Integration and Permeable Pavement for Stormwater Runoff Reduction in Dense Urban Areas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69855/science.v3i4.897Keywords:
Rainwater Harvesting, Green Roof, Permeable Pavement, Stormwater Runoff, Low Impact Development, Urban FloodingAbstract
Rapid urbanization has expanded impervious surfaces, increasing stormwater runoff and flood risk in dense cities, yet evidence on the combined effectiveness of Low Impact Development (LID) measures remains limited. Purpose: This study evaluated an integrated system of rainwater harvesting (RWH), green roof, and permeable pavement against each single measure and a conventional impervious control. Methods: A dense urban catchment (1,200 m²) was monitored and hydrologically modeled over 28 storm events under identical rainfall. Runoff volume, peak flow, and lag time were derived. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni-corrected post hoc tests compared runoff coefficients, and multiple linear regression examined rainfall effects. Results: The mean runoff coefficient fell from .871 (control) to .458 (green roof), .310 (permeable pavement), and .165 (integrated), with all differences significant (F(3, 81) = 1,162.32, p < .001). The integrated system reduced mean runoff volume by 81.0% and peak flow by 92.1%. Rainfall intensity negatively predicted peak flow reduction (B = −0.092, p < .001). Implications: Integrated LID systems attenuate runoff more than single measures, supporting urban flood policy and green building guidance. Conclusion: Combining these measures is an effective decentralized strategy for dense, rapidly urbanizing cities; future studies should assess stormwater quality and life-cycle costs.
References
Ahiablame, L.; Shakya, R. Modeling flood reduction effects of low impact development at a watershed scale. J. Environ. Manage. 2020, 262, 110249.
Alves, A.; Gersonius, B.; Kapelan, Z.; Vojinovic, Z.; Sanchez, A. Assessing the co-benefits of green-blue-grey infrastructure for sustainable urban flood risk management. J. Environ. Manage. 2020, 264, 110430.
Bhatt, A.; Bradford, A.; Abbassi, B.E. Green roof stormwater performance in a cold climate: Long-term hydrological monitoring. Water 2021, 13, 1284.
Campisano, A.; Butler, D.; Ward, S.; Burns, M.J.; Friedler, E.; DeBusk, K.; Han, M. Urban rainwater harvesting systems: Research, implementation and future perspectives. Water Res. 2020, 115, 195–209.
Chui, T.F.M.; Liu, X.; Zhan, W. Assessing cost-effectiveness of specific LID practice designs in response to large storm events. J. Hydrol. 2020, 533, 353–364.
Cristiano, E.; Deidda, R.; Viola, F. The role of green roofs in urban water-energy-food-ecosystem nexus: A review. Sci. Total Environ. 2021, 756, 143876.
Drake, J.; Bradford, A.; Van Seters, T. Stormwater quality of spring-summer-fall effluent from three partial-infiltration permeable pavement systems. J. Environ. Manage. 2021, 279, 111572.
Eckart, K.; McPhee, Z.; Bolisetti, T. Performance and implementation of low impact development: A review. Sci. Total Environ. 2020, 607–608, 413–432.
Fletcher, T.D.; Shuster, W.; Hunt, W.F.; Ashley, R.; Butler, D.; Arthur, S.; Viklander, M. SUDS, LID, BMPs, WSUD and more: The evolution and application of terminology surrounding urban drainage. Urban Water J. 2021, 18, 1–18.
Hamouz, V.; Muthanna, T.M. Hydrological modelling of green roof performance in a cold climate using EPA-SWMM. J. Environ. Manage. 2022, 305, 114390.
Hasan, H.H.; Razali, S.F.M.; Muhammad, N.S.; Ahmad, A. Research trends of low impact development (LID) practices for urban stormwater management. Water 2023, 15, 543.
Jato-Espino, D.; Sillanpaa, N.; Andres-Domenech, I.; Rodriguez-Hernandez, J. Simulation of combined green-grey infrastructure for enhanced urban drainage resilience. Water Resour. Manag. 2023, 37, 897–915.
Kong, F.; Ban, Y.; Yin, H.; James, P.; Dronova, I. Modeling stormwater management at the city district level in response to changes in land use and low impact development. Environ. Model. Softw. 2021, 132, 104780.
Kusumastuti, D.; Handoko, T. Impervious surface growth and its hydrological impact in Indonesian metropolitan cities. J. Reg. City Plan. 2021, 32, 45–62.
Liu, T.; Fassman-Beck, E. Pore structure characterization of permeable pavement systems: Implications for clogging and infiltration performance. J. Sustain. Water Built Environ. 2022, 8, 04021024.
Locatelli, L.; Mark, O.; Mikkelsen, P.S.; Arnbjerg-Nielsen, K.; Deletic, A.; Roldin, M.; Binning, P.J. Hydrologic impact of urbanization with extensive stormwater infiltration. J. Hydrol. 2020, 544, 524–537.
Marfai, M.A.; Sekaranom, A.B. Urban flood hazard and land subsidence in Jakarta: A geospatial analysis. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 2021, 66, 102592.
Nguyen, T.T.; Tran, D.H. Co-benefits of green infrastructure for urban stormwater management: Evidence from Ho Chi Minh City. Sustain. Cities Soc. 2022, 78, 103654.
Pham, T.B.; Nguyen, T.T.; Le, V.H. Climate change and urban flooding risk in Southeast Asian deltaic cities: A review. J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud. 2023, 45, 101312.
Prihatin, R.B.; Wardhana, D. Policy barriers to low impact development adoption in Indonesian urban planning. Indones. J. Urban Environ. Technol. 2023, 6, 88–101.
Rahmawati, N.; Iskandar, A. Green infrastructure integration in Indonesian urban stormwater regulation: A policy review. J. Water Land Dev. 2022, 52, 112–120.
Reyes-Silva, J.D.; Helm, B.; Krebs, P.; Villarreal, E.L. Effects of LID measures on runoff quantity: A cross-scale review from plot to city. Water 2021, 13, 2645.
Salvadore, E.; Bronders, J.; Batelaan, O. Hydrological modelling of urbanized catchments: A review and future directions. J. Hydrol. 2020, 573, 1101–1132.
Shafique, M.; Kim, R.; Rafiq, M. Green roof benefits, opportunities and challenges: A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2022, 90, 757–773.
Sitzenfrei, R.; Kleidorfer, M. Rainwater harvesting within urban water systems: A critical review of methods and modeling approaches. J. Hydrol. 2021, 596, 126108.
Suriya, S.; Mudgal, B.V. Impact of urbanization on flooding: The Thirusoolam sub watershed - A case study. J. Hydrol. 2021, 412–413, 210–219.
Suryadi, Y.; Legono, D. Calibration and validation of SWMM for urban drainage modeling in Indonesian cities. Int. J. GEOMATE 2022, 22, 1–9.
Winston, R.J.; Dorsey, J.D.; Hunt, W.F. Quantifying volume reduction and peak flow mitigation for three bioretention cells in clay soils in northeast Ohio. Sci. Total Environ. 2021, 553, 83–95.
Yuan, J.; Dunnett, N.; Stovin, V. Comparing the hydrological performance of green roof, permeable pavement, and combined systems. J. Hydrol. 2022, 605, 127350.
Zhang, K.; Wen, Y.; Chui, T.F.M. Evaluating the combined hydrological performance of multiple LID practices in dense urban catchments. J. Hydrol. 2023, 617, 129012.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Science Get Journal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
