Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Plant Leaf Extract and Their Antimicrobial Activity
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69855/science.v3i4.895Keywords:
Green Synthesis, Silver Nanoparticles, Piper Betle, Antimicrobial Activity, UV-Vis SpectroscopyAbstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely studied antimicrobial materials, yet conventional chemical and physical synthesis relies on toxic reagents and high energy input. Green synthesis using plant extracts offers a safer alternative, but the formation kinetics and dose-dependent antimicrobial performance of AgNPs made from Piper betle (betel) leaf, a plant traditionally used in Indonesia, remain insufficiently characterized. This study therefore asked how the extract-to-silver nitrate ratio affects AgNP formation and how strongly the resulting nanoparticles inhibit microbial growth. The purpose was to synthesize AgNPs with aqueous P. betle leaf extract and evaluate their activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. Synthesis was monitored by UV-Vis spectroscopy, five extract-to-AgNO3 ratios were compared, and antimicrobial activity was tested by agar well diffusion at 25-100 µg/mL and analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD. Absorbance at 430 nm rose from 0.01 to a plateau of about 1.06 within 90-120 minutes, with a blue shift in peak wavelength from 445 to 428 nm, and a 3:7 ratio gave the highest absorbance (1.09). Inhibition zones increased with concentration for all organisms (p < 0.001); at 100 µg/mL they reached 18.10 mm (E. coli), 16.57 mm (S. aureus), and 13.20 mm (C. albicans), whereas the extract alone produced none. In conclusion, P. betle leaf extract is an effective biogenic reducing and capping agent for AgNPs with dose-dependent, broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity.
References
Abada, E., Mashraqi, A., Modafer, Y., Al Abboud, M. A., & El-Shabasy, A. (2024). Review green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by using plant extracts and their antimicrobial activity. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 31.
Ahmad, B., Chang, L., Satti, U. Q., Rehman, S. u., Arshad, H., Mustafa, G., Shaukat, U., Wang, F., & Tong, C. (2022). Phyto-synthesis, characterization, and in vitro antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles using various plant extracts. Bioengineering, 9(11), 601.
Ahmed, S., Ahmad, M., Swami, B. L., & Ikram, S. (2016). A review on plants extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial applications: A green expertise. Journal of Advanced Research, 7(1), 17–28.
Alowaiesh, B. F., Alhaithloul, H. A. S., Saad, A. M., & Hassanin, A. A. (2023). Green biogenic of silver nanoparticles using polyphenolic extract of olive leaf wastes with focus on their anticancer and antimicrobial activities. Plants, 12(7), 1410.
Alzubaidi, A. K., Al-Kaabi, W. J., Ali, A. A., et al. (2023). Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using flaxseed extract and evaluation of their antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Applied Sciences, 13(4), 2182. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13042182
AshaRani, P. V., Low Kah Mun, G., Hande, M. P., & Valiyaveettil, S. (2009). Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in human cells. ACS Nano, 3(2), 279–290.
Dakal, T. C., Kumar, A., Majumdar, R. S., & Yadav, V. (2016). Mechanistic basis of antimicrobial actions of silver nanoparticles. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7, 1831.
Gharari, Z., Hanachi, P., Sadeghinia, H., & Walker, T. R. (2023). Eco-friendly green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles by Scutellaria multicaulis leaf extract and its biological activities. Pharmaceuticals, 16(7), 992. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16070992
Giri, A. K., Jena, B., Biswal, B., Pradhan, A. K., Arakha, M., Acharya, S., & Acharya, L. (2022). Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Eugenia roxburghii DC. extract and activity against biofilm-producing bacteria. Scientific Reports, 12.
Gow, N. A. R., Latgé, J.-P., & Munro, C. A. (2017). The fungal cell wall: Structure, biosynthesis, and function. Microbiology Spectrum, 5(3), FUNK-0035-2016.
Hatipoğlu, A., Baran, A., Keskin, C., et al. (2023). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles based on the Raphanus sativus leaf aqueous extract and their toxicological/microbiological activities. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 1–13.
Iravani, S. (2011). Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plants. Green Chemistry, 13(10), 2638–2650.
Kim, J. S., Kuk, E., Yu, K. N., Kim, J.-H., Park, S. J., Lee, H. J., Kim, S. H., Park, Y. K., Park, Y. H., Hwang, C.-Y., Kim, Y.-K., Lee, Y.-S., Jeong, D. H., & Cho, M.-H. (2007). Antimicrobial effects of silver nanoparticles. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine, 3(1), 95–101.
Kim, K.-J., Sung, W. S., Suh, B. K., et al. (2009). Antifungal activity and mode of action of silver nano-particles on Candida albicans. BioMetals, 22, 235–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-008-9159-2
Morones, J. R., Elechiguerra, J. L., Camacho, A., Holt, K., Kouri, J. B., Ramírez, J. T., & Yacaman, M. J. (2005). The bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles. Nanotechnology, 16(10), 2346–2353.
Mulvaney, P. (1996). Surface plasmon spectroscopy of nanosized metal particles. Langmuir, 12(3), 788–800.
Nayaka, N. M. D. M. W., Sasadara, M. M. V., Sanjaya, D. A., et al. (2021). Piper betle (L): Recent review of antibacterial and antifungal properties, safety profiles, and commercial applications. Molecules, 26(8), 2321.
Rai, M., Yadav, A., & Gade, A. (2009). Silver nanoparticles as a new generation of antimicrobials. Biotechnology Advances, 27(1), 76–83.
Rashida, M. M. O., Islam, M. S., Haque, M. A., Rahman, M. A., Hossain, M. T., & Hamid, M. A. (2016). Antibacterial activity of polyaniline coated silver nanoparticles synthesized from Piper betle leaves extract. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 15(2), 591–597.
Silhavy, T. J., Kahne, D., & Walker, S. (2010). The bacterial cell envelope. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 2(5), a000414.
Sondi, I., & Salopek-Sondi, B. (2004). Silver nanoparticles as antimicrobial agent: A case study on E. coli as a model for Gram-negative bacteria. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 275(1), 177–182.
Vanlalveni, C., Lallianrawna, S., Biswas, A., Selvaraj, M., Changmai, B., & Rokhum, S. L. (2021). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts and their antimicrobial activities: A review of recent literature. RSC Advances, 11, 2804–2837. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA09941D
Widatalla, H. A., Yassin, L. F., Alrasheid, A. A., Ahmed, S. A., Widdatallah, M. O., Eltilib, S. H., & Mohamed, A. A. (2022). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using green tea leaf extract, characterization and evaluation of antimicrobial activity. Nanoscale Advances, 4, 911–915. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1NA00509J
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Science Get Journal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
